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Descriptive Summary
Creator:	Graenum Berger (1908-1999)
Title:	Graenum Berger Papers
Dates:	undated, [1825]-2002 (bulk 1923-2001)
Abstract:	The Papers of Graenum Berger (1908-1999) document Berger's involvement with Ethiopian Jewry and his efforts to bring about their rescue from Ethiopia through the organization he formed, the American Association for Ethiopian Jews (AAEJ). The Papers also contain materials from Berger's other interests - his writings, his travels throughout the world, his community affiliations, his research into Ethiopian Jewry and Black American Jews, his career as a Jewish social work executive, and his commitment to Jewish causes and to Israel. There are also many personal and biographical materials from the numerous long-term friendships and associations Berger established. The Papers contain correspondence, minutes, reports, clippings, manuscripts, research materials, journal articles, photographs, and publications.
Languages:	The collection is in English with some materials in Hebrew, Amharic, French, and German.
Quantity:	40.15 linear feet plus 5 MAP folders. (65 manuscript boxes, 1 half-manuscript box, 1 photograph box, 3 oversized boxes and 5 Map Folders.)
Accession number:	*P-717
Repository:	American Jewish Historical Society

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Biographical Note

Graenum Berger (1908-1999)

Graenum Berger was born on April 21, 1908 in Gloversville, NY, a small town in the foothills of the Adirondack Mountains. His parents had arrived in the United States from Russian-controlled Poland several years earlier with their three eldest children; 3 more would be born in the United States. The Bergers joined a large extended family already in the United States, and relationships with aunts, uncles and cousins played a notable role in Graenum's early life. Berger's father earned his livelihood first as a peddler, and then in the leather business, which was the major industry in the Gloversville area. The family prospered sufficiently during Berger's early years to afford a telephone, a car and a summer cottage, all of which reflected the active, sociable character of the household.

Berger's parents kept a traditional Jewish home, and his father was a strict Sabbath observer who hired a private tutor to provide for his son's religious education before the local Hebrew School existed. Gloversville had a small but identifying Jewish community during Berger's childhood that included a local Orthodox synagogue, the Hebrew school, a Jewish Community Center and a kosher meat market. Berger's father was an active member of the synagogue and of the Hebrew School committee, and his mother was involved in the synagogue's relief society. Berger's childhood years, then, were spent in an environment that emerges as lively, outgoing and Jewishly-involved, features, which were prominent throughout his life as a Jewish communal worker and later as an activist on behalf of Ethiopian Jewry.

Unsure of how he felt about attending college and after a less-than-successful first year at New York University, Berger spent the next year working for a local newspaper. It was during this period that he met Emma Finestein, who would soon become his wife and life partner for more than 70 years. The following year he enrolled in the University of Missouri, but the long distance relationship blossomed. During his second year at the university, Graenum and Emma eloped in Missouri to avoid their families' disapproval of their marriage at such young ages. The first of their two sons was born the following year.

Berger was greatly involved in the Jewish student organization at the University of Missouri, and forged a strong relationship with its Director of Jewish Studies. It was this mentor who encouraged him to change his intended profession from public education to Jewish communal work. Upon Berger's graduation from college in 1930, he received a scholarship to and attended the recently formed Graduate School of Jewish Social Work in New York, after which he began his career as Executive Director of the Jewish Community Center of Staten Island. The embryonic field of professional Jewish organizational administration was well suited to someone with Berger's natural tendency toward leadership and advocacy, and his outgoing, hands-on, energetic and creative style. He spent six productive years there, and then a subsequent eleven at the Bronx Settlement House, a period during which the establishment notably expanded its services, assumed a role as a key neighborhood organization, and developed into a professional organization with a well-trained staff. In 1989, Bronx Settlement House was renamed Graenum Berger Bronx Jewish Federation Service Center in honor of Graenum Berger's years of service.

In 1949, Berger joined the Federation of Jewish Philanthropies of New York as a consultant to its Executive Director for Federation-sponsored community centers and summer camps. During the 24 years he spent at Federation until his retirement in 1973, Berger assumed many additional responsibilities including directing an institute dedicated to training middle and upper level future Federation executives, conducting studies, and delivering papers and lecturing on a variety of Jewish social work topics. Additionally, as a high level executive in the organization, he was involved in discussions regarding Federation's overall goals and policies. While Berger's energy, dedication and competence earned him wide respect among his colleagues, his direct, intemperate style often interfered with others' ability to open-mindedly consider his ideas, despite the considerable merit these ideas had. Furthermore, his opinions were occasionally at odds with those of many in the executive group. Most notably, Berger always believed strongly in the value of Jewish education, and at a time when Federation was becoming increasingly secular and even contemplated adopting a non-sectarian policy, Berger strongly advocated for preserving, and even expanding, the Jewish character of Federation and its member institutions.

While the Bergers lived a fairly modest lifestyle, they enjoyed a rich social and cultural life. They were active in many Jewish organizations and sustained numerous friendships, many of which were first established in the early years of their marriage. They maintained a lifelong association with the Gloversville Jewish community, where Graenum was born, and helped found the Pelham Jewish Center in the town in which they lived for many years. Berger was a voracious reader, given his curiosity about a broad range of topics, and, over time, amassed a substantial library that included many valuable books, particularly relating to Ethiopian Jewry and Black Jews, subjects about which Berger researched and wrote extensively. Over the course of their lives, the Bergers also accumulated a considerable amount of artwork from many different countries, for they were avid travelers, perhaps the one luxury which they extensively pursued as a means of satisfying their enthusiasm for exploring the various cultures and places throughout the world.

This natural inquisitiveness, coupled with Berger's persistent manner, gradually propelled a coincidental encounter in 1955 with Ethiopian Jewish children studying in Israel into a mission which would dominate the latter half of his life. While this first exposure was merely noted as an interesting event at the time, during the ensuing years, Berger attempted to learn all he could about this ancient tribe, disparagingly referred to by their gentile neighbors as Falashas but who called themselves Beta Israel. In 1965, the Bergers traveled to Ethiopia to see firsthand the conditions under which the Ethiopian Jews were living. During this visit, the first of many which would follow, Berger was, at the same time, captivated by the dignity of the people and their unwavering loyalty to their faith, yet appalled by their dire poverty and lack of medical care, education and other basic necessities. It was then and there that he fully realized that, while immediate relief was critically needed, the only lasting solution for this long-isolated tribe which, as his research indicated, had once numbered hundreds of thousands but which harsh circumstances had already reduced to less than 50,000, was for them to be absorbed en masse in Israel. At that moment, he also determined, with characteristic resolve, to work toward fulfillment of this objective.

From that initial visit to Ethiopia until his retirement from Federation in 1973, Berger became increasingly more involved in the cause of Ethiopian Jewry. He and Emma began to raise money for educational and medical programs, and Berger reached out to leaders in the Jewish world who might be helpful to the issue of large scale rescue, and made contacts with the few, assorted groups and individuals involved in the plight of Ethiopian Jews. As the benefit of consolidating the various activist efforts became evident, following his retirement from Federation, Berger formed the American Association for Ethiopian Jews (AAEJ) in 1974 by merging two grassroots organizations that had become active on behalf of Ethiopian Jewry. Berger was elected President of the newly formed organization.

Thus, at a time when many at his stage of life would be content to reflect on what had been a long and successful career, including having been granted an Honorary Doctorate by Yeshiva University in 1973 for his services to the Jewish community, Berger assumed the leadership role of an ambitious undertaking to which he immediately devoted much, and subsequently, close to all, of his considerable energies. The primary objective of the AAEJ was to make saving Ethiopian Jewry a number one priority of the Government of Israel and of world Jewish leadership. To this end, Berger spent much time speaking with Israeli and Jewish organizational officials about the plight of the Beta Israel, believing that, once told, rescue would not be long in coming. However, at that time, the Chief Rabbinate of Israel had not yet unequivocally ruled on the Jewishness of the Beta Israel, therefore they were not eligible for citizenship under the Law of Return. This ambiguity regarding their status as Jews, combined with, except in the case of a few individuals, what Berger believed was an overall disinclination to bring them to Israel on the part of officials of the dominant Labor government in Israel, frustrated his early expectations for prompt improvement of the circumstances of the Ethiopian Jews.

While continuing their efforts with Israeli government officials, the AAEJ also embarked on a campaign to educate the general North American public regarding the predicament of the Beta Israel as a means of both raising money on their behalf and increasing grassroots pressure on the organized Jewish establishment and Israeli policy. Berger lectured frequently, wrote numerous articles, and was interviewed on radio and television and in print. His organization also continued to work with various Jewish relief agencies, although many of these preferred to focus on long-term improvement of conditions for the Jews in Ethiopia instead of emigration to Israel, which AAEJ policy regarded as the only viable solution to rescue the dwindling remnant of this ancient people.

By the late 1970's, the Israeli Rabbinate had recognized the Beta Israel as Jews, and the Likud party had replaced the incumbent Labor Party in Israel, with Menachem Begin as Prime Minister. While Berger had stepped down as president of AAEJ in order to allow it to broaden its leadership, he was still fully devoted to and engaged with the cause, and remained a most influential member of its Board of Directors. In light of the recent changes in Israel, Berger anxiously hoped an imminent breakthrough would be at hand, for his mounting frustration had progressed into alarm as the political and economic conditions in Ethiopia deteriorated due to the civil unrest that erupted following the Marxist takeover of the government in 1974 and the severe famine that was currently devastating much of the country. The Israeli government, however, maintained that, despite its present desire to rescue the Beta Israel, they no longer had any diplomatic influence in Ethiopia, which had, along with all of Israel's allies in Africa, succumbed to Arab pressure to sever ties with Israel following the Yom Kippur War and had become increasingly influenced by the Soviet Union, which maintained a strict policy of anti-Jewish immigration. Israel further cautioned that calling attention to the issue would imperil any clandestine agreements that were being negotiated in the highly sensitive political environment.

As time progressed and no rescue appeared imminent or even planned for, Berger's growing skepticism of Israel's intent, and his genuine distress over the plight of the Ethiopian Jews, drove him to employ increasingly more aggressive tactics to embarrass the Israeli government into taking action. Berger threatened to publicize Israel's apparent indifference in lectures and advertisements, a very unpopular approach that exacerbated what had already become strained relations between AAEJ on one side, and most other Jewish organizations and the Israeli government on the other. AAEJ also attempted its own rescues of individuals and small groups from Ethiopia and Sudan, where many had fled, with varying degrees of success and some notable failures, in order to prove that it could be done despite the lack of official diplomatic avenues. This practice was criticized for interfering with Israel's covert efforts and contributed to AAEJ's further alienation from the Israeli government and the Jewish organizational establishment.

During the subsequent years prior to the first wave of large-scale Israeli airlifts of Ethiopian Jews in 1984, and until the final one in 1991, Berger and AAEJ continued to labor for the rescue of Ethiopian Jewry. Berger was largely undeterred by the near pariah status of his organization, except that it impeded access to influential people who could assist in the goals of AAEJ. The motivations and politics behind the rescue continue to be widely debated. The AAEJ role has been, at the same time, condemned for its public criticism of Israel and its interference with Israeli rescue efforts, dismissed as the attempts of mere amateurs with a simplistic understanding of the task at hand, and praised for propelling an issue in which there was little interest into a major priority of world Jewry and the Israeli government. Berger himself remained fully convinced it was chiefly the unrelenting, forceful pressure of AAEJ that put the issue on the agenda of the Jewish establishment, and which, ultimately, compelled the Israeli government to rescue the Beta Israel.

Despite the range of opinions regarding AAEJ's methods and influence, even Berger's staunchest critics have acknowledged his devotion to the welfare of Ethiopian Jewry. Of the many examples of this in Berger's personal records, most revealing, perhaps, are the numerous correspondence from Ethiopian Jews, whom Berger had both met and not met, on a variety of issues and concerns, and which were promptly answered with lengthy, individualized responses in which he, depending on the case, humbly acknowledged their gratitude for his assistance on their behalf, encouraged them in the challenges they faced in adopting to a new land and culture, and shared their distress over relatives left behind and pledged to continue his efforts until all of the Beta Israel had been rescued. Berger rejoiced in the rescue of Ethiopian Jewry, and within months following the airlifts of the virtual remainder of them in 1991, again demonstrated his integrity of purpose by recommending that AAEJ consider closing its doors, since its original goal of advocating for the rescue of Ethiopian Jewry had been achieved, and to become involved with absorption issues would only duplicate the work of what he believed were adequate public and voluntary organizations already providing these services. By mid-1993, AAEJ had officially shut down.

Berger had numerous interests to occupy him following the disbandment of AAEJ, many of which had been postponed somewhat during the height of his activism on behalf of Ethiopian Jewry. Berger had always been a voracious reader and a prolific writer, who, in addition to having written many articles and papers during his professional career, had also produced several full length works, including an autobiography entitled Graenum, (1987), and a biography of his brother who was a foreign diplomat entitled A Not So Silent Envoy (1992). An earlier work, Black Jews in America (1978), was a subject about which Berger collected much material and researched in depth. A memoir of Berger's involvement in the plight of Ethiopian Jewry entitled Rescue the Ethiopian Jews! was published in 1996. The Bergers maintained their contacts with many individual Ethiopian Jews, and traveled to the extent that their health permitted. They suffered the painful loss of their eldest son, Ramon, in 1993, but were actively involved in the lives of their remaining son, Michael and their five grandchildren, and celebrated the birth of four great-grandchildren. Berger died on March 31, 1999 at the age of 90.

References

Compiled based on archival documents in the Graenum Berger Papers, as well as information from two of Berger's published works, Graenum, (Hoboken:KTAV Publishing House, Inc., 1987), and Rescue the Ethiopian Jews!, (New Rochelle, NY: John Washburn Bleeker Hampton, 1996).

CHRONOLOGY
April 21, 1908	Born in Gloversville, New York
1925	Enters New York University. Later transfers to University of Missouri
1928	Elopes with Emma Finestein in Missouri
1929	Berger's first son, Ramon, is born
1930-1932	Attends the Graduate School of Jewish Social Work in New York
1932-1938	Appointed Executive Director of Jewish Community Center of Staten Island
1938	Son, Michael Berger, is born
1938-1949	Appointed Headworker, Bronx Settlement House
1949	Joins Federation of Jewish Philanthropies of New York as consultant for Jewish Community Centers and Camps
1955	Meets Ethiopian Jewish children in Kfar Batya, Israel
1965	Visits Jewish villages in Ethiopia. Becomes involved with Ethiopian Jewry
1973	Retires from Federation
1973	Awarded Doctor in Humane Letters from Yeshiva University
1974	American Association for Ethiopian Jewry formed; Berger is first President
1975	Revisits Ethiopia to observe conditions of Jews under the Marxist revolution
1978	Black Jews in America published
1978	Turns over AAEJ Presidency to Howard Lenhoff
1984	Operation Moses airlifts Ethiopian Jews from Sudan to Israel
1987	Autobiography Graenum published
1991	Operation Solomon airlifts Ethiopian Jews from Ethiopia to Israel
1993	AAEJ closes down upon completion of its mission
1996	Rescue the Ethiopian Jews! published
March 31, 1999	Dies in New Rochelle, New York

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Scope and Content Note

The greater part of the Graenum Berger Papers relates to Berger's involvement with Ethiopian Jewry, and his efforts to bring about their rescue through the organization he formed, the American Association for Ethiopian Jews (AAEJ), which existed from 1973-1993. There also are considerable materials from various other interests that Berger pursued during his long life, including his writings, his travels, his community affiliations, his research into Black American Jews, his professional work, and his commitment to Jewish causes and to Israel. The collection also contains many personal and biographical materials from throughout Berger's life, which provide insight into his family life and his many long-term friendships and associations.

The collection is valuable to researchers studying the history of Ethiopian Jewry from antiquity through current times, including various theories regarding their origins, Rabbinic opinions as to whether they should be accepted as Jews according to Jewish Law, and their dramatic rescue and absorption into Israel. The extensive records from the AAEJ contain important information about the development of this organization, about its major players, and its goals and methods. These records also provide information for researchers studying the politics behind the rescue of the Beta Israel, and the role played in it not only by grass roots advocacy groups, but also by the organized Jewish establishment, the Israeli government, and the government of Ethiopia. Of special note in the collection is correspondence to and from various US and Israeli governmental officials and personalities, such as Menachem Begin, Teddy Kolleck, Senator Rudy Boschwitz, and Elie Wiesel.

There is also information important for those researching Black Jews in America, as well as some material for those studying the fields of Jewish social work and Jewish organizational administration during the 1930s through the 1970s. Berger's early biographical materials could provide some insight into Jewish community life in a small town in the early twentieth century.

The collection contains correspondence, minutes, reports, newspaper clippings, manuscripts, research materials such as notes and book excerpts, journal articles, photographs, pamphlets, and publications. There are also some non-print materials such as posters, buttons, and maps. The documents are primarily in English, followed by Hebrew, Amharic, French, German and Italian. Folders are arranged by series. Each series contains various format divisions arranged chronologically. The original order and folder titles were retained wherever possible.

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Arrangement

The collection contains the following nine series:

• Series I: Personal
• Series II: Writings
• Series III: Early Rescue & Relief Efforts
• Series IV: American Association for Ethiopian Jews
• Series V: Ethiopian Jewry
• Series VI: Ethiopia
• Series VII: Black Jews
• Series VIII: Photographs
• Series IX: Artifacts
• Oversized Material

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Restrictions

Access Restrictions

The collection is open to all researchers by permission of the Director of Library and Archives of the American Jewish Historical Society, except items that are restricted due to their fragility.

Use Restrictions

Information concerning the literary rights may be obtained from the Director of Library and Archives of the American Jewish Historical Society. Users must apply in writing for permission to quote, reproduce or otherwise publish manuscript materials found in this collection. For more information contact:
American Jewish Historical Society, Center for Jewish History, 15 West 16th Street, New York, NY, 10011
email: reference@ajhs.org

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Related Material

American Jewish Historical Society:
- American Association for Ethiopian Jews Collection
- Howard Lenhoff Papers
- Nathan Shapiro Papers
- The Graduate School for Jewish Social Work Records, I-7
- Louis Kraft Papers, P-673
- Matthew Penn, Graenum Berger Collection, P-794
American Jewish Archives (Cincinnati, OH):
- Graenum Berger Papers, 1940-1989, MS-352
- Federation of Jewish Philanthropies of New York. Oral History Project, 1981-1987, MS-437
- American Pro-Falasha Committee. Records, 1922-1949, MS-61

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Provenance

Graenum Berger donated his papers to the Society beginning 1987 in a series of accessions. Materials donated after his death by his wife Emma Berger were incorporated into the collection.

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Preferred Citation

Published citations should take the following form:
Identification of item, date (if known); Graenum Berger Papers; *P-717; box number; folder number; American Jewish Historical Society, Boston, MA and New York, NY.

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Appendices A-H: Bibliography of Selected Articles and Book Chapters

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Appendix A: Ethiopian Jewry - Journal Articles, Historical/Political

Carol, Dr. Steven. "The Lion of Judah and the Land of Judah: Ethiopia and Israel Linkages." Judaica Philatelic Journal of the Judaica Historical Philatelic Society. Winter 1982: 2359-2366.

Friedenberg, Daniel M. "The Decline and Fall of the Falashas." Judaism, a Quarterly Journal of Jewish Life and Thought. 1956: 239-247.

Kaplan, Steven. "The Beta Israel (Falasha) Encounter with Protestant Missionaries: 1860-1905."Jewish Social Studies. Winter 1987: 27-42.

Kaplan Steven, "Falasha Christians: A Brief History." Midstream. 1992.

Kessler, David, and Tudor Parfitt. "The Falashas: The Jews of Ethiopia." Unknown Journal. 1980s.

Leslau, Wolf. "A Falasha Religious Dispute." Reprinted from the Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research. 1947: 71-95.

Messing, Simon D. "Journey to the Falashas: Ethiopia's Black Jews." Commentary. 1968 or 1969: 28-40.

Pankhurst, Richard. "Plans for Mass Jewish Settlement in Ethiopia (1936-1943)." 1973: Ethiopia. 235-245.

Selassie, Sergew Hable. "The Problem of Gudit." Journal of Ethiopian Studies. January 1972: 113-124.

Wagaw, Teshome G. "The Emigration and Settlement of Ethiopian Jews in Israel." Middle East Review. Winter 1987-88: 41-48.

Weitz, Martin M. "Dark Jews of the Dark Continent." The Hebrew Union College Monthly. June 1931: 19-22.

Zaoui, Andre C. "Falashas: Our Brethren Jews…of the Tribe of Dan." . Central Conference of American Rabbis Journal Winter 1973: 50-55

Appendix B: Ethiopian Jewry - Journal Articles - Jewish Legal Analysis

Angel, Marc D. "Another Halakhic Approach to Conversions." Tradition. 1983[?]: 107-112.

Bleich, David J. "The Problem of the Falashas." Or Hamizrah. 1985: 235-253 (Hebrew).

Elon, Menachem. "The Ethiopian Jews: A Case Study in the Functioning of the Jewish Legal System." New York University Journal of International Law and Politics. Spring 1987: 535-563.

Freehof, Solomon B. "Responsum on the Falashas as Jews." Central Conference of American Rabbis Journal. Winter 1973: 56-59.

Mann, Isaac. "The Prohibition of Teaching Non-Jews Torah: Its Historical Development" Gesher: Bridging the Spectrum of Orthodox Jewish Scholarship. 1984[?]: 122-153.

Riskin Steven. "Conversion in Jewish Law." Tradition. 1980[?]: 29-42.

Schachter, Rabbi Hershel. "Determining Jewish Identity: Ethiopian Jewry." Journal of Halacha and Contemporary Society. Spring 1985: 143-160.

Tendler, Rabbi Moshe. "The Long Return." Yeshiva Student Publications. 1985[?]: 4-14.

Wolpin, Nisson. "The Ethiopian Aliya." The Jewish Observer. April 1985: 8-19.

Appendix C: Ethiopian Jewry - Journal Articles - Social Science/ Cultural

Abbink, J. "Seged Celebration in Ethiopia and Israel: Continuity and Change of a Falasha Religious Holiday." International Review of Ethnology and Linguistics. 1983: 790-809.

Adam, Avinoam, et. al. "A Survey of Some Genetical Characters in Ethiopian Tribes." American Journal of Physical Anthropology. June 1962: 168-208B.

Friedman, Daniel & Ulysses Santamaria. "Identity Change: The Example of the Falashas, between Assimilation in Ethiopia and Integration in Israel." Dialectical Anthropology. 1990: 56-73.

Greenwald, Baruch. "Religious and Cultural Change: A Case Study of an Ethiopian Jewish Priest." Journal of Jewish Communal Service. Fall 1989: 92-96.

Harel, D., M.D. "Medical Work Among the Falashas of Ethiopia." Israel Journal of Medical Science. May/June 1967: 483-490.

Isaac, Ephraim."The Hebraic Character of Ethiopian Culture." The Jewish Digest. 1965: 67-72.

Leslau, Wolf. "Taamrat Emmanuel's Notes of Falasha Monks and Holy Places." American Academy for Jewish Research. 1974: 624-637.

Mafico, Temba. "Parallels Between Jewish and African Religio-Cultural Lives." Sidic: Journal of the Service International de Documentation Judeo-Chretienne (English edition). 1978: 9-27.

Pawlikowski, John T. "The Judaic Spirit of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church: A Case Study in Religious Acculturation." Journal of Religion in Africa. 1972: 178-199.

Schindler, Reuben. "Ethiopian Outreach: The Challenge for Social Work." The Jewish Social Work Forum. Spring 1989: 92-97.

Shelemay, Kay Kaufman. "Seged: A Falasha Pilgrimage Festival." Musica Judaica - Journal of the American Society for Jewish Music. 1980-1981: 42-62.

Shelemay, Kay Kaufman. "Zema: A Concept of Sacred Music in Ethiopia." The World of Music. n.d: 52-65.

Tesfai, Yacob, and Meseret Sebhat-Leah. "Jewish Elements in Ethiopian Christianity and the Religion of the Falashas." Sidic: Journal of the Service International de Documentation Judeo-Chretienne (English edition). 1978: 28-31.

Warmbrand, Martin J. "Falasha or Beta Israel of Ethiopia." The Hourglass. Fall 1971: 1-8.

Wurmbrand, Max. "The Falasha "Arde'et." Falasha Research Series. Published by Friends of the Faitlovitch Library. 1964.

Zipperstein, Steve, and Eliezer D. Jaffe. "Models of Israeli Social Analysis." Journal of Jewish Communal Service. Fall 1981: 24-35.

Appendix D: Ethiopian Jewry - Journal Articles - Reference

Kaplan Steven. List of Studies on Ethiopian Jewry. May 1986.

Leslau, Wolf. "A Supplementary Falasha Bibliography." Studies in Bibliography and Booklore. June 1957: 9-27.

Appendix E: Ethiopian Jewry - Book Chapters

Bleich, J. David. "Teaching Torah to Non-Jews." Contemporary Halachic Problems. New York: Ktav, 1985[?].

Freehof, Solomon B. "Marriage with Falasha." A Treasury of Responsa. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1963.

Goldstein, Israel. My World As A Jew: The Memoirs of Israel Goldstein. Volume 2. New York: Herzl Press, 1984.

Goldstein, Israel. "The Falasha Jews of Ethiopia. Address Before Conference of Jewish Organizations. Geneva, July 19, 1969." Israel at Home and Abroad. Jerusalem: Rubin Mass Press, 1973.

Hess, Robert L. "Toward a History of the Falasha." Eastern African History, McCall, D. F. et al., ed. New York: Frederick A. Praeger, Publishers, 1969.

Kaplan, Robert D. The Arabists; The Romance of An American Elite. New York: The Free Press, 1993.

Kisch, E. E. "The Bible and Babel in the New World." Tales from Seven Ghettos. London: Robert Anscombe & Co., 1948.

Melman, Yossi, and Dan Raviv. "Lakam and the Nuclear Bomb." The Imperfect Spies; The History of Israeli Intelligence. London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1989.

Musleah, Rabbi Ezekiel N. On the Banks of the Ganga; The Sojourn of Jews in Calcutta. North Quincy, Mass: The Christopher Publishing House, 1975.

Ostrovsky, Victor, and Claire Hoy. "Operation Moses." By Way of Deception. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1990.

Parfitt, Tudor. Operation Moses: the untold story of the secret exodus of the Falasha Jews from Ethiopia New York: Stein and Day, 1985.

Payne, Eric. Ethiopian Jews; The Story of a Mission. London: The Olive Press, 1972

Shack, William. "The Central Ethiopians: Amhara, Tigrina, and Related Peoples." Ethnographic Survey of Africa, Part IV. London: International African Institute, 1974.

Simoons, Frederick J. Northwest Ethiopia; Peoples and Economy. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1960.

Szulc, Ted. "The Black Jews." The Secret Alliance - The Extraordinary History of the Rescue of the Jews Since World War II. New York: Farrar, Straus, Ciroux, 1991.

Weise, Barry, and Abraham J. Bayer. "Ethiopian Jewry." The 1986 Jewish Directory and Almanac. Pacific Press, 1986.

Appendix F: Ethiopia - Journal Articles

Gitelson, Susan Aurelia. "Escalating Conflicts in the Horn of Africa." Middle East Review. Summer 1978: 57-63.

Janke, Peter. "Marxism in Africa: The Cuban Connection." Midstream. August-September 1978: 3-10.

Appendix G: Black Jews - Journal Articles

Bleich, J. David. "Black Jews: A Halakhic Perspective." Tradition. Spring/Summer 1975: 48-79.

Brotz, Howard. "The Negro-Jewish Community and the Contemporary Race Crisis." Jewish Social Studies. January 1965: 10-17.

Brotz, Howard. "Negro 'Jews' in the United States." Phylon. 4th Quarter 1952: 324-337.

Ehrman, Albert. "Explorations and Responses: Black Judaism in New York." Journal of Ecumenical Studies. Winter 1971: 103-114.

Kreigel, Annie. "Jews and Blacks." Jerusalem Quarterly. Spring 1978: 22-33.

Landes, Ruth. "Negro Jews in Harlem." Jewish Journal of Sociology. December 1967: 175-189.

Scott, William R. "Going to the Promised Land: Afro-American Immigrants in Ethiopia, 1930-1935." The Institute of the Black World. 1975: 1-16.

Waitzkin, Howard. "Black Judaism in New York." Harvard Journal of Negro Affairs. Vol. 1, No.3 (1967): 12-44.

Warmbrand, Martin J. "The Black Jews of America." The Hourglass, A Quarterly Journal of Ecumenics for Today and Tomorrow. Fall 1969: 86-104.

Whiteman, Maxwell. "Black Genealogy." RQ (unknown journal). Summer 1972: 311-319.

Appendix H: Black Jews - Book Chapters

Fauset, Arthur Huff. "Black Gods of the Metropolis." Negro Religious Cults of the Urban North. New York: Octagon Books, 1970.

Ginzburg, Eli. "Jew and Negro: Notes on the Mobility of Two Minority Groups in the United States." Salo Wittmayer Baron Jubilee Volume. Jerusalem: American Academy for Jewish Research, 1974.

Lavender, Abraham D., ed. "Black Jews." A Coat of Many Colors. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1977.

Lincoln, C. Eric. "The Black Experience in Religion." Anchor Books, 1974.

Ottley, Roi. "Jews in Negro Life." New World A-Coming. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin, 1943.

Simpson, George Eaton. Black Religions in the New World. New York: Columbia University Press, 1978.

Access Points

• Subject Names:

  • Begin, Menachem, 1913-1992
  • Berger, Emma, 1911-
  • Berger, Graenum, 1908-1999
  • Berger, Samuel D. (Samuel David), 1911-1980
  • Bogale, Yona, 1908-1997
  • Boschwitz, Rudy, 1930-
  • Eldad, ha-Dani, 9th cent
  • Faitlovitch, Jacques, 1881-1955
  • Goren, Shlomo, 1917-1994
  • Haile Selassie I, Emperor of Ethiopia, 1892-1975
  • Halévy, J. (Joseph), 1827-1917
  • Jacobovici, Simcha
  • Lenhoff, Howard
  • Levin, Meyer, 1905-
  • Parfitt, Tudor
  • Rapoport, Louis, 1942-1991
  • Shapiro, Nathan
  • Sheba, Queen of
  • Solomon, King of Israel
  • Tartakower, Aryeh, 1897-1982
  • Yosef, Ovadia, 1920

• Subject Organizations:

  • Alliance Israelite Universelle
  • American Pro-Falasha Committee
  • American Association for Ethiopian Jews (AAEJ)
  • American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee
  • American Mizrachi Women
  • British OSE (Organisatio Sanitaria Ebraica)
  • Bronx Settlement House
  • Brotherhood Synagogue (New York, N.Y.)
  • Canadian Association for Ethiopian Jews
  • Council of Jewish Federations and Welfare Funds. General Assembly, St. Louis, 1982
  • Falasha Welfare Association
  • Federation of Jewish Philanthropies of New York
  • Friends of the Beta Israel Community in Ethiopia
  • Graenum Berger Bronx Jewish Federation Service Center
  • Hatzaad Harishon
  • Israel Association for Ethiopian Jews
  • Jewish Colonization Association
  • Jewish Agency for Israel
  • National Jewish Community Relations Advisory Council (U.S.)
  • North American Conference on Etiopian Jewry (NACOEJ)
  • Pelham Jewish Center
  • World Jewish Congress
  • World ORT (Organization for Rehabilitation and Training) Union

• Subject Topics:

  • African American Jews
  • Airborne operations (Military science)
  • Airlift, Military
  • Amharic language
  • Assimilation (Sociology)
  • Black Hebrews
  • Danites
  • Emigration and immigration
  • Ethiopia Social conditions
  • Ethiopia History
  • Ethiopia Politics and government
  • Ethiopians
  • Ethiopic language
  • Ethnic groups
  • Ethnic relations
  • Ethnic relations Political aspects
  • Ethnic relations Religious aspects
  • Ethnicity
  • Ethnicity Religious aspects Judaism
  • Ethnicity in the Bible
  • Human rights workers
  • International relief
  • Israel and the diaspora
  • Israel. Hok ha-shevut [Law of Return]
  • Jewish community centers
  • Jewish diaspora
  • Jewish law
  • Jews Migrations
  • Jews, Ethiopian
  • Jews, Ethiopian Israel
  • Lobbying
  • Lost tribes of Israel
  • Operation Moses, 1984-1985
  • Operation Solomon, 1991
  • Political activists
  • Population transfers
  • Rabbis
  • Racially mixed people
  • Rescue work Religious aspects
  • Social service
  • Twelve tribes of Israel

• Subject Places:

  • Africa
  • Ethiopia
  • Gloversville (N.Y.)
  • Israel
  • Kenya
  • Palestine
  • Pelham (N.Y.)
  • Sudan
  • Suriname
  • West Indies

• Subject Titles

  • "Last Flight from Ambo Ber" (Play)
  • "Release" (Publication)

• Document Types:

  • Correspondence
  • Articles
  • Books
  • Buttons (information artifacts)
  • Clippings
  • Ephemera
  • Manuscript
  • Maps
  • Minutes
  • Pamphlets
  • Photographs
  • Posters
  • Publications
  • Reports
  • Research (documents genres)

• Other Names:

  • Abyssinia (Ethiopia)
  • Beta Israel
  • Falash Mura
  • Falashas
  • Geez (Ge'ez) Language
  • Operation Sheba
  • Rescue of Ethiopian Jews, 1991 (Operation Solomon, 1991)
  • Yosef, `Ovadyah
  • Yossef, Ovadia

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Container List

The following section contains a detailed listing of the materials in the collection.

Series I: Personal, undated, 1923-2000.
The series is in English.
Boxes 1-2
Arrangement: This series is arranged in chronological order by type of material including: Biographical, Chronological, and Subject Files, and Awards and Honors.
Scope and Content: This series includes materials concerning the personal life of Graenum Berger, and is arranged into four sections. It contains Biographical information, such as high school yearbooks, transcripts, resumes, biographical clippings, as well as obituary notices and eulogies. The Chronological Files include various materials chronicling Berger's early and professional years, and contain correspondence from many of his personal and professional contacts. The Subject Files contain materials relating to his travels to Israel and Ethiopia, information regarding a scholarship fund that the Bergers established at Hebrew University, and documentation relating to the Pelham Jewish Center, which Berger was involved in establishing. Finally, the series contains various Awards and Honors that Berger received. Because of his extensive involvement in Ethiopian Jewry, many of Berger's personal items contain references to his efforts on their behalf, such as his diaries and letters. An accretion to the Graenum Berger collection was processed in December 2011. Contents include personal correspondence, news clippings, and thank you letters marking his retirement. The accretion also contains correspondence regarding Berger's involvement with the Pelham Jewish Center, West Bronx Jewish Federation Service Center, and UJA-Federation of New York. Finally the accretion contains manuscript drafts of "An Ambassador So Feisty" and "A Not So Silent Envoy", which are drafts of manuscripts in honor of Graenum's brother, Ambassador Samuel David Berger. For the final manuscripts, see Series II.
Box	Folder	Title	Date
1	1	Biographical - Gloversville High School Yearbook	1925
1	2	Biographical - Gloversville High School 40th, 50th, & 60th Reunions	1965, 1975, 1985
1	3	Biographical - Resumes	undated, 1938, 1941, 1945, 1967, 1973, 1984
1	4	Biographical - Transcript/Civil Service Job Application	1940
Box	Folder	Title	Date
1	5	Biographical - Miscellaneous Biographical Summaries	undated, 1949, 1952, 1971, 1974, 1980, 1984, 1986, 1995, 1999
Box	Folder	Title	Date
1	6	Biographical - Clippings about Berger	undated, 1923, 1929-1993, 1998
1	7	Biographical - Obituary Notices	1999
1	8	Biographical - Eulogies for Berger	1999
1	9	Biographical - Tributes to Berger	1999-2000
1	10	Chronological Files	undated
1	11	Chronological Files	1929, 1938
1	12	Chronological Files	1944-1954
1	13	Chronological Files	1955, 1959, 1962, 1964-1966
1	14	Chronological Files	1968
1	15	Chronological Files	1971
1	16	Chronological Files	1975-1976
1	17	Chronological Files	1977-1978
1	18	Chronological Files	1979-1981
1	19	Chronological Files	1982-1985
1	20	Chronological Files	1987
1	21	Chronological Files	1988
Box	Folder	Title	Date
1	22	Chronological Files	1989
Box	Folder	Title	Date
1	23	Chronological Files	1990
1	24	Chronological Files	1991
1	25	Chronological Files	1992
1	26	Chronological Files	1993
Box	Folder	Title	Date
2	1	Chronological Files	1994
2	2	Chronological Files	1995
2	3	Chronological Files	1996
2	4	Chronological Files	1997
2	5	Chronological Files	1998-1999
2	6	Subject Files - Staten Island National Council of Jewish Women - Clippings of Speakers at Jewish Community Center	1933-1935
2	7	Subject Files - Pelham Jewish Center Legal Suit	1953-1963
2	8	Subject Files - Travel - Ethiopia	1965
2	9	Subject Files - Travel - Ethiopia	1975-1976
2	10	Subject Files - Letters from Israel	1974-1975
2	11	Subject Files - Diaries from Israel	1977
2	12	Subject Files - Graenum & Emma Berger Scholarship Fund at Hebrew University	1994, 1999
2	13	Awards/Honors - Graenum Berger Day in Pelham	November 23, 1997
2	14	Awards/Honors - Induction as Fellow of the Jewish Academy of Arts & Sciences	May 11, 1982
2	15	Awards/Honors - Miscellaneous	1962, 1968, 1973, 1978
Box	Folder	Title	Date
66	1	Assorted Correspondence and News Clippings	undated, 1929, 1954, 1986, 1988-1989, 1993, 1996-1999
66	2	Correspondence with Louis Kraft	1957-1958, 1968, 1972, 1974
66	3	Doctorate from Yeshiva University (contains photographs)	undated, 1973
66	4	Certified Social Worker	undated, 1945, 1968-1970, 1978, 1982
66	5	Awards	1982, 1985, 1990
66	6	65th Birthday and Retirement Thank You Letters A-L	1973
66	7	65th Birthday and Retirement Thank You Letters M-Z	1973
66	8	65th Birthday and Retirement Birthday Cards and Miscellaneous	1973
66	9	90th Birthday	undated, 1997-2000
Box	Folder	Title	Date
67	1	“In Search of the Origins/Name of” Graenum	undated, 1896, 1922, 1956, 1967, 1974-1975, 1977-1979, 1981, 1983-1984, 1987-1988, 1993-1994, 1997
		(contains Yiddish)
67	2	Personal, undated, 1988, 1993, 1995-1998
67	3	Bronx House Alumni Letters, undated, 1952, 1956, 1964, 1984, 1986-1987, 1990, 1998
67	4-5	Pelham Jewish Center	undated, 1954, 1961, 1969, 1976, 1981, 1986-1997, 1999
Box	Folder	Title	Date
68	1-3	West Bronx Jewish Federation Service Center	undated, 1985, 1987-1994, 2001
68	4	UJA-Federation of New York – Oral History Project	1982, 1984, 1988, 1991, 1993, 1995
68	5	United Jewish Appeal – Women’s Division of Pelham	1965, 1967-1968, 1972-1973
68	6	KTAV Publishing	1988-1989
68	7	Miscellaneous News Clippings and Mailings	undated, 1957, 1998, 2000-2002
		(contains Yiddish)
Box	Folder	Title	Date
69	1	Passports
69	2-3	“An Ambassador So Feisty – The World of Sam Berger” (A Biography/Autobiography) (1st Draft)	1961-1989
69	4-5	“A Not So Silent Envoy – The World of Ambassador Samuel David Berger” – A Biography (1st draft), by Graenum Berger	1911-1961
69	6-7	“A Not So Silent Envoy – The World of Ambassador Samuel David Berger” – A Biography (2nd draft), by Graenum Berger	August 29, 1990
Box	Folder	Title	Date
70	1-2	“A Not So Silent Envoy – The World of Samuel David Berger” – A Biography (Second Draft), by Graenum Berger	August 29, 1990
70	3-4	“A Not So Silent Envoy – The World of Ambassador Samuel David Berger” – A Biography (2nd Draft, Not Corrected Copy), by Graenum Berger	August 29, 1990
70	5	Samuel Berger Obituary (contains photographs)	1979-1980

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Series II: Writings, undated, 1932-1999.
The series is in English.
Boxes 3-6
Arrangement: This series is arranged by genre, and then chronologically within each genre.
Scope and Content: Series II contains Berger's writings on a range of topics, such as Ethiopian Jewry, Jewish Social Work issues, Black Jews, a biography of Berger's brother who was a United States diplomat, Berger's own autobiography, American Jewish history, and miscellaneous other topics. Berger's writings consist of many different genres, such as manuscripts, journal articles, speeches, edited works, book reviews, and newspaper pieces. Researchers should be aware that the folder titles of the manuscript versions were taken from Berger's own folders; a determination of their accuracy was not possible, and that titles are not consistent across manuscripts. Also, some of Berger's works do not contain drafts, and, most notably, the collection does not include any manuscripts of Graenum, Berger's autobiography. This series contains major magazine articles written by Berger, however minor magazine pieces, as well as numerous Letters to the Editor, which Berger wrote as part of his advocacy on behalf of Ethiopian Jewry, appear in Series III, AAEJ, Clippings folders. The folder containing Berger's writings on various topics (Box 6, Folder 9) contains a script for a synagogue play he wrote in honor of the 1976 U.S. Bicentennial, and an anthology of some of his writings on group social work.
Box	Folder	Title	Date
3	1	Manuscripts - A Pictorial History of the United States - Bound Copy	1975
3	2	Manuscripts - A Pictorial History of the United States - Unbound Copy	1975-1978
3	3	Manuscripts - Black Jews in America - First Manuscript	undated
3	4	Manuscripts - Black Jews in America - Draft Revisions	1976-1978
3	5	Manuscripts - Black Jews in America - Original	1978
3	6	Manuscripts - Black Jews in America - Publication	1977-1980
3	7	Manuscripts - Black Jews in America - Clippings	1978-1980
3	8	Manuscripts - Black Jews in America - Publicity	undated, 1978-1980
Box	Folder	Title	Date
4	1	Manuscripts - Black Jews in America - Correspondence	1978-1981, 1986, 1987
4	2	Manuscripts - Beta Israel-Ethiopian Jews - Falashas, First Draft	undated
4	3	Manuscripts - Beta Israel-Ethiopian Jews- Falashas, Final Draft	1979-1984
4	4	Manuscripts - Graenum - Removed Pages	1986
4	5	Manuscripts - Graenum - Reviews	1993, 1999
4	6	Manuscripts - Graenum - Addenda	undated
4	7	Manuscripts - Graenum - Copies of Pictures Used	undated, 1906, 1918, 1982
4	8	Manuscripts - A Not So Silent Envoy - First Manuscript Draft	undated
4	9	Manuscripts - A Not So Silent Envoy - Final Manuscript Draft	undated
4	10	Manuscripts - A Not So Silent Envoy - Clippings	1992-1993
4	11	Manuscripts - Rescue the Ethiopian Jews! - Original Copy	1995-1996
Box	Folder	Title	Date
5	1	Manuscripts - Rescue the Ethiopian Jews! - Revised Manuscript Draft	1997
Box	Folder	Title	Date
5	2	Manuscripts - Rescue the Ethiopian Jews! - Input from AAEJ Members	1993, 1995
Box	Folder	Title	Date
5	3	Manuscripts - Rescue the Ethiopian Jews! - Correspondence	undated, 1997
5	4	Manuscripts - Rescue the Ethiopian Jews! - Publication Information	undated, 1997
5	5	Manuscripts - Rescue the Ethiopian Jews! - Clippings	1997-1998
5	6	Master's Thesis - A Quantitative Analysis of the Content of Jewish Center Publications	1932
5	7	Newspaper/Magazine Articles - Jewish Frontier - "An Open Letter to the Labor Zionist Movement"	1974
5	8	Newspaper/Magazine Articles - Congress Bi-Weekly - "The Plight of the Falashas"	October 25, 1974
5	9	Newspaper/Magazine Articles - Present Tense - "The Tragedy of Ethiopian Jews"	Spring 1978
Box	Folder	Title	Date
5	10	Newspaper/Magazine Articles - Moment - "Double Jeopardy: Oppression of Ethiopian Jews"	November 1978
Box	Folder	Title	Date
5	11	Newspaper/Magazine Articles - Jewish Frontier - "The Falashas - Outcasts Of Israel"	August/September 1980
Box	Folder	Title	Date
5	12	Newspaper/Magazine Articles - Various - Ethiopian Jewry	1977, 1980, 1981, 1989-1990
5	13	Newspaper/Magazine Articles - Various - Other Topics	1948, 1968, 1972, 1974
Box	Folder	Title	Date
6	1	Journal Articles - American Jewish Communal Service, 1776-1976,	1976
Box	Folder	Title	Date
6	2	Edited Works - The Turbulent Decades, Vol.1	1981
Box	Folder	Title	Date
6	3	Edited Works - The Turbulent Decades, Vol. 2	1981
6	4	Book Reviews - Ethiopian Jewry	1987
6	5	Book Reviews - Various Topics	1964-1965, 1968, 1972-1974, 1976
6	6	Speeches - Ethiopian Jewry	1977, 1982, 1985
Box	Folder	Title	Date
6	7	Speeches - Various Topics	1977, 1983
Box	Folder	Title	Date
6	8	Other Writings - Ethiopian Jewry	1981, 1995, 1998
Box	Folder	Title	Date
6	9	Other Writings - Various Topics	1948, 1973, 1977, 1978
Box	Folder	Title	Date
6	10	Reviews of Berger's Writings	1966, 1976
6	11	Lists of Berger's Books in Libraries	1994, 1995

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Series III: Early Rescue & Relief Efforts, 1961-1974.
The series is in English.
Boxes 7-8
Arrangement: The information is arranged in chronological files, except for some materials organized into subjects, which are maintained chronologically internally. Researchers should note that there is some overlap with these chronological files and the AAEJ chronological files in Series IV, since Berger's advocacy for Ethiopian Jewry, and the contacts he established who later were involved with the AAEJ, began during this early period before the AAEJ was formally launched.
Scope and Content: Series III contains information about early efforts, both individual and organizational, that existed to help Ethiopian Jewry which Berger explored and, in some cases, was involved with, prior to the formation of the American Association for Ethiopian Jews in 1973. The materials primarily include Berger's correspondence with people such as Dr. Aryeh Tartakower of the World Jewish Congress (Israel) and Professor Norman Bentwich and David Kessler of the Falasha Welfare Association (London), with whom he communicated regarding raising funds for medical care for Ethiopian Jewry.
Box	Folder	Title	Date
7	1	Chronological Files	1961-1965
7	2	Chronological Files	1966
7	3	Chronological Files	1967
7	4	Chronological Files	1968-1969
7	5	Chronological Files	1970
Box	Folder	Title	Date
7	6	Chronological Files	1971
Box	Folder	Title	Date
7	7	Chronological Files	January-October 1972
7	8	Chronological Files	November-December 1972
7	9	Chronological Files	January-May 1973
Box	Folder	Title	Date
8	1	Chronological Files	June-December 1973
8	2	Chronological Files	1974
8	3	Subject Files - American Pro-Falasha Committee	1966-1969
8	4	Subject Files - British Organisatio Sanitaria Ebraica (OSE)	1966-1970
8	5	Subject Files - Gettye, Benjamin	1966, 1968

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Series IV: American Association for Ethiopian Jews (AAEJ), undated, 1954-1997.
The series is in English, Hebrew, Amharic.
Boxes 8-43, Oversized Box 65, Folders 1-5, Map Folder 1
Arrangement: Chronological files and clippings are arranged by year, with the clippings folders interspersed within the chronological files at the end of each year. The subject files are arranged alphabetically.
Scope and Content: Series IV contains Berger's materials from the AAEJ, collected during the years in which it was advocating for the rescue of Ethiopian Jewry. The Chronological Files contain many internal reports, correspondence, strategy statements, meeting minutes, notes and memoranda. The series also contains numerous reports and brochures from other organizations involved with Ethiopian Jewry, and Berger's assessment of their efforts. The clippings, consisting of articles that discuss AAEJ or quote its members, are arranged by year, and are filed within the chronological series. The numerous Subject Files include AAEJ incorporation documents, financial statements, files on individuals active in the organization, files on Ethiopian Jews involved with the AAEJ, materials on other organizations Berger interacted with in his efforts to advocate for the Beta Israel's rescue, and specific AAEJ projects. Researchers should be aware that the subject files were, for the most part, taken directly from Berger's original organization of the materials, and that additional information on some of the topics of the subject files is contained in the chronological files. This is especially true for individuals or organizations that were very involved with the AAEJ. Therefore, both places should be checked for information on these subjects. Of particular note in the series is the subject file for Yona Bogale , (Box 35, Folder 17) which contains an original letter to Berger, dated October, 1965, from three Ethiopian cohanim, signed as the "Outcasts of Israel", requesting his assistance in their rescue. The subject file Religious Issues/Decisions (Box 42, Folders 9,10) contains key decisions from recent Jewish history relating to the status of the Beta Israel. Additionally, the subject files entitled Proposed Layout for Ads (Box 42, Folder 4) and Obituary Notices (Box 41, Folder 7) are illustrative of some of the methods considered and used by the AAEJ to raise awareness of their cause, and which resulted in it being somewhat ostracized within the organized Jewish establishment.
Box	Folder	Title	Date
8	6	AAEJ, Chronological Files	undated
8	7	AAEJ, Chronological Files, Clippings	undated
Box	Folder	Title	Date
8	8	AAEJ, Chronological Files	January-April 1974
Box	Folder	Title	Date
8	9	AAEJ, Chronological Files	May-June 1974
8	10	AAEJ, Chronological Files	July-August 1974
8	11	AAEJ, Chronological Files	September-December 1974
8	12	AAEJ, Chronological Files, Clippings	1974
8	13	AAEJ, Chronological Files	1975
8	14	AAEJ, Chronological Files	January-April 1975
Box	Folder	Title	Date
9	1	AAEJ, Chronological Files	May-December 1975
9	2	AAEJ, Chronological Files, Clippings	1975
9	3	AAEJ, Chronological Files	1976
9	4	AAEJ, Chronological Files	January-March 1976
9	5	AAEJ, Chronological Files	April-August 1976
9	6	AAEJ, Chronological Files	September-December 1976
9	7	AAEJ, Chronological Files, Clippings	1976
9	8	AAEJ, Chronological Files	1977
9	9	AAEJ, Chronological Files	January-March 1977
9	10	AAEJ, Chronological Files	April-August 1977
Box	Folder	Title	Date
10	1	AAEJ, Chronological Files	September-December 1977
10	2	AAEJ, Chronological File, Clippings	1977
10	3	AAEJ, Chronological Files	1978
10	4	AAEJ, Chronological Files	January-February 1978
10	5	AAEJ, Chronological Files	March-May 1978
10	6	AAEJ, Chronological Files	June 1978
10	7	AAEJ, Chronological Files	July 1978
Box	Folder	Title	Date
10	8	AAEJ, Chronological Files	August 1978
10	9	AAEJ, Chronological Files	September-October 1978
Box	Folder	Title	Date
11	1	AAEJ, Chronological Files	November 1978
11	2	AAEJ, Chronological Files	December 1978
11	3	AAEJ, Chronological Files, Clippings	1978
11	4	AAEJ, Chronological Files	1979
11	5	AAEJ, Chronological Files	January 1979
Box	Folder	Title	Date
11	6	AAEJ, Chronological Files	February 1979
Box	Folder	Title	Date
11	7	AAEJ, Chronological Files	March 1979
11	8	AAEJ, Chronological Files	April 1979
Box	Folder	Title	Date
12	1	AAEJ, Chronological Files	May 1979
Box	Folder	Title	Date
12	2	AAEJ, Chronological Files	June 1-10, 1979
12	3	AAEJ, Chronological Files	June 11-30, 1979
Box	Folder	Title	Date
12	4	AAEJ, Chronological Files	July-August 1979
Box	Folder	Title	Date
12	5	AAEJ, Chronological Files	September 1979
12	6	AAEJ, Chronological Files	October 1979
12	7	AAEJ, Chronological Files	November 1-14, 1979
12	8	AAEJ, Chronological Files	November 15-30, 1979
Box	Folder	Title	Date
13	1	AAEJ, Chronological Files	December 1979
13	2	AAEJ, Chronological Files, Clippings	1979
13	3	AAEJ, Chronological Files	1980
13	4	AAEJ, Chronological Files	January 1-16, 1980
Box	Folder	Title	Date
13	5	AAEJ, Chronological Files	January 17-31, 1980
Box	Folder	Title	Date
13	6	AAEJ, Chronological Files	February 1980
13	7	AAEJ, Chronological Files	March 1-16, 1980
13	8	AAEJ, Chronological Files	March 17-31, 1980
13	9	AAEJ, Chronological Files	April 1980
Box	Folder	Title	Date
14	1	AAEJ, Chronological Files	May 1980
Box	Folder	Title	Date
14	2	AAEJ, Chronological Files	June 1980
Box	Folder	Title	Date
14	3	AAEJ, Chronological Files	July 1980
Box	Folder	Title	Date
14	4	AAEJ, Chronological Files	August 1980
Box	Folder	Title	Date
14	5	AAEJ, Chronological Files	September 1980
14	6	AAEJ, Chronological Files	October 1980
14	7	AAEJ, Chronological Files	November 1980
Box	Folder	Title	Date
15	1	AAEJ, Chronological Files	December 1980
15	2	AAEJ, Chronological Files, Clippings	1980
Box	Folder	Title	Date
15	3	AAEJ, Chronological Files	1981
Box	Folder	Title	Date
15	4	AAEJ, Chronological Files	January 1981
15	5	AAEJ, Chronological Files	February 1981
15	6	AAEJ, Chronological Files	March 1981
15	7	AAEJ, Chronological Files	April 1-14, 1981
Box	Folder	Title	Date
16	1	AAEJ, Chronological Files	April 15-30, 1981
Box	Folder	Title	Date
16	2	AAEJ, Chronological Files	May 1-14, 1981
Box	Folder	Title	Date
16	3	AAEJ, Chronological Files	May 15-31, 1981
16	4	AAEJ, Chronological Files	June 1-14, 1981
16	5	AAEJ, Chronological Files	June 15-30, 1981
16	6	AAEJ, Chronological Files	July 1981
16	7	AAEJ, Chronological Files	August 1981
16	8	AAEJ, Chronological Files	September 1981
16	9	AAEJ, Chronological Files	October 1-15, 1981
Box	Folder	Title	Date
17	1	AAEJ, Chronological Files	October 16-31, 1981
17	2	AAEJ, Chronological Files	November 1-15, 1981
17	3	AAEJ, Chronological Files	November 16-30, 1981
17	4	AAEJ, Chronological Files	December 1-15, 1981
17	5	AAEJ, Chronological Files	December 16-31, 1981
17	6	AAEJ, Chronological Files, Clippings	1981
17	7	AAEJ, Chronological Files	1982
Box	Folder	Title	Date
18	1	AAEJ, Chronological Files	January 1982
18	2	AAEJ, Chronological Files	February 1-12, 1982
18	3	AAEJ, Chronological Files	February 13-28, 1982
18	4	AAEJ, Chronological Files	March 1-21, 1982
18	5	AAEJ, Chronological Files	March 22-31, 1982
18	6	AAEJ, Chronological Files	April 1982
Box	Folder	Title	Date
19	1	AAEJ, Chronological Files	May 1982
Box	Folder	Title	Date
19	2	AAEJ, Chronological Files	June 1-14, 1982
Box	Folder	Title	Date
19	3	AAEJ, Chronological Files	June 15-31, 1982
Box	Folder	Title	Date
19	4	AAEJ, Chronological Files	July 1982
Box	Folder	Title	Date
19	5	AAEJ, Chronological Files	August 1-14, 1982
19	6	AAEJ, Chronological Files	August 15-31, 1982
Box	Folder	Title	Date
20	1	AAEJ, Chronological Files	September 1982
20	2	AAEJ, Chronological Files	October 1-14, 1982
20	3	AAEJ, Chronological Files	October 15-31, 1982
20	5	AAEJ, Chronological Files	December 1-19, 1982
Box	Folder	Title	Date
21	1	AAEJ, Chronological Files	December 20-31, 1982
21	2	AAEJ, Chronological Files, Clippings	1982
21	3	AAEJ, Chronological Files	1983
21	4	AAEJ, Chronological Files	January 1-16, 1983
Box	Folder	Title	Date
21	5	AAEJ, Chronological Files	January 17-31, 1983
Box	Folder	Title	Date
21	6	AAEJ, Chronological Files	February 1-14, 1983
Box	Folder	Title	Date
22	1	AAEJ, Chronological Files	February 15-28, 1983
22	2	AAEJ, Chronological Files	March 1-15, 1983
22	3	AAEJ, Chronological Files	March 16-31, 1983
22	4	AAEJ, Chronological Files	April 1-12, 1983
22	5	AAEJ, Chronological Files	April 13-30, 1983
22	6	AAEJ, Chronological Files	May 1-10, 1983
22	7	AAEJ, Chronological Files	May 11-31, 1983
Box	Folder	Title	Date
23	1	AAEJ, Chronological Files	June 1-16, 1983
23	2	AAEJ, Chronological Files	June 17-30, 1983
23	3	AAEJ, Chronological Files	July 1983
23	4	AAEJ, Chronological Files	August 1983
Box	Folder	Title	Date
23	5	AAEJ, Chronological Files	September 1983
Box	Folder	Title	Date
23	6	AAEJ, Chronological Files	October 1-17, 1983
Box	Folder	Title	Date
24	1	AAEJ, Chronological Files	October 18-31, 1983
24	2	AAEJ, Chronological Files	November 1983
24	3	AAEJ, Chronological Files	December 1-17, 1983
24	4	AAEJ, Chronological Files	December 18-31, 1983
24	5	AAEJ, Chronological Files, Clippings	1983
24	6	AAEJ, Chronological Files	1984
24	7	AAEJ, Chronological Files	January 1-15, 1984
Box	Folder	Title	Date
25	1	AAEJ, Chronological Files	January 16-31, 1984
Box	Folder	Title	Date
25	2	AAEJ, Chronological Files	February 1-16, 1984
25	3	AAEJ, Chronological Files	February 17-29, 1984
25	4	AAEJ, Chronological Files	March 1-20, 1984
25	5	AAEJ, Chronological Files	March 21-31, 1984
25	6	AAEJ, Chronological Files	April 1-12, 1984
25	7	AAEJ, Chronological Files	April 13-30, 1984
Box	Folder	Title	Date
26	1	AAEJ, Chronological Files	May 1-13, 1984
26	2	AAEJ, Chronological Files	May 14-31, 1984
26	3	AAEJ, Chronological Files	June 1984
26	4	AAEJ, Chronological Files	July 1984
Box	Folder	Title	Date
26	5	AAEJ, Chronological Files	August 1984
26	6	AAEJ, Chronological Files	September 1984
Box	Folder	Title	Date
27	1	AAEJ, Chronological Files	October 1-20, 1984
27	2	AAEJ, Chronological Files	October 21-31, 1984
27	3	AAEJ, Chronological Files	November 1-15, 1984
27	4	AAEJ, Chronological Files	November 16-30, 1984
27	5	AAEJ, Chronological Files	December 1-13, 1984
27	6	AAEJ, Chronological Files	December 14-31, 1984
27	7	AAEJ, Chronological Files, Clippings	1984
Box	Folder	Title	Date
28	1	AAEJ, Chronological Files	1985
28	2	AAEJ, Chronological Files	January 1-22, 1985
Box	Folder	Title	Date
28	3	AAEJ, Chronological Files	January 23-31, 1985
Box	Folder	Title	Date
28	4	AAEJ, Chronological Files	February 1-17, 1985
28	5	AAEJ, Chronological Files	February 18-28, 1985
28	6	AAEJ, Chronological Files	March 1985
28	7	AAEJ, Chronological Files	April 1985
Box	Folder	Title	Date
28	8	AAEJ, Chronological Files	May 1985
Box	Folder	Title	Date
29	1	AAEJ, Chronological Files	June 1985
29	2	AAEJ, Chronological Files	July-August 1985
29	3	AAEJ, Chronological Files	September-October 1985
29	4	AAEJ, Chronological Files	November 1985
29	5	AAEJ, Chronological Files	December 1985
29	6	AAEJ, Chronological Files, Clippings	1985
29	7	AAEJ, Chronological Files	1986
29	8	AAEJ, Chronological Files	January 1986
29	9	AAEJ, Chronological Files	February 1986
29	10	AAEJ, Chronological Files	March 1986
Box	Folder	Title	Date
30	1	AAEJ, Chronological Files	April 1986
Box	Folder	Title	Date
30	2	AAEJ, Chronological Files	May 1986
Box	Folder	Title	Date
30	3	AAEJ, Chronological Files	June 1986
30	4	AAEJ, Chronological Files	July 1986
Box	Folder	Title	Date
30	5	AAEJ, Chronological Files	August 1986
Box	Folder	Title	Date
30	6	AAEJ, Chronological Files	September 1986
30	7	AAEJ, Chronological Files	October 1986
30	8	AAEJ, Chronological Files	November 1986
30	9	AAEJ, Chronological Files	December 1986
30	10	AAEJ, Chronological Files, Clippings	1986
30	11	AAEJ, Chronological Files	1987
30	12	AAEJ, Chronological Files	January 1987
30	13	AAEJ, Chronological Files	February 1987
Box	Folder	Title	Date
31	1	AAEJ, Chronological Files	March 1987
Box	Folder	Title	Date
31	2	AAEJ, Chronological Files	April 1987
Box	Folder	Title	Date
31	3	AAEJ, Chronological Files	May 1987
31	4	AAEJ, Chronological Files	June 1987
Box	Folder	Title	Date
31	5	AAEJ, Chronological Files	July 1987
31	6	AAEJ, Chronological Files	August 1987
Box	Folder	Title	Date
31	7	AAEJ, Chronological Files	September 1987
31	8	AAEJ, Chronological Files	October 1987
31	9	AAEJ, Chronological Files	November 1987
31	10	AAEJ, Chronological Files	December 1987
31	11	AAEJ, Chronological Files, Clippings	1987
31	12	AAEJ, Chronological Files	January-March 1988
31	13	AAEJ, Chronological Files	April-June 1988
31	14	AAEJ, Chronological Files	July-September 1988
Box	Folder	Title	Date
32	1	AAEJ, Chronological Files	October 1988
32	2	AAEJ, Chronological Files	November-December 1988
32	3	AAEJ, Chronological Files, Clippings	1988
Box	Folder	Title	Date
32	4	AAEJ, Chronological Files	January-March 1989
Box	Folder	Title	Date
32	5	AAEJ, Chronological Files	April-June 1989
32	6	AAEJ, Chronological Files	July-September 1989
32	7	AAEJ, Chronological Files	October-December 1989
32	8	AAEJ, Chronological Files, Clippings	1989
32	9	AAEJ, Chronological Files	1990
32	10	AAEJ, Chronological Files	January-April 1990
32	11	AAEJ, Chronological Files	May-August 1990
32	12	AAEJ, Chronological Files	September-December 1990
32	13	AAEJ, Chronological Files, Clippings	1990
32	14	AAEJ, Chronological Files	1991
Box	Folder	Title	Date
33	1	AAEJ, Chronological Files	January 1991
Box	Folder	Title	Date
33	2	AAEJ, Chronological Files	February 1991
33	3	AAEJ, Chronological Files	March 1991
33	5	AAEJ, Chronological Files	May 1991
Box	Folder	Title	Date
33	6	AAEJ, Chronological Files	June 1991
Box	Folder	Title	Date
33	7	AAEJ, Chronological Files	July 1991
Box	Folder	Title	Date
33	8	AAEJ, Chronological Files	August 1991
Box	Folder	Title	Date
33	9	AAEJ, Chronological Files	September 1991
33	10	AAEJ, Chronological Files	October 1991
33	11	AAEJ, Chronological Files	November 1991
33	12	AAEJ, Chronological Files, Clippings	1991
33	13	AAEJ, Chronological Files	January-June 1992
33	14	AAEJ, Chronological Files	July-December 1992
33	15	AAEJ, Chronological Files, Clippings	1992
33	16	AAEJ, Chronological Files	1993
33	17	AAEJ, Chronological Files, Clippings	1993
33	18	AAEJ, Chronological Files	1994
Box	Folder	Title	Date
33	19	AAEJ, Chronological Files, Clippings	1994
Box	Folder	Title	Date
33	20	AAEJ, Chronological Files, Clippings	1996
33	21	AAEJ, Chronological Files, Clippings	1997
Box	Folder	Title	Date
34	1	AAEJ Subject Files, Absorption Studies/Issues	undated, 1983-1985
34	2	AAEJ Subject Files, Alpert, Bernard & Frances	1973-1979
34	3	AAEJ Subject Files, American Jewish Committee	1974-1977
34	4	AAEJ Subject Files, American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee	1973-1975
Box	Folder	Title	Date
34	5	AAEJ Subject Files, American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee	1976
Box	Folder	Title	Date
34	6	AAEJ Subject Files, American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee	1977-1979
Box	Folder	Title	Date
34	7	AAEJ Subject Files, American Mizrachi Women [See also Box 65, Folder 1]	undated, 1981-1982
34	8	AAEJ Subject Files, Annual Meeting	1976
Box	Folder	Title	Date
34	9	AAEJ Subject Files, Annual Meeting	1977
Box	Folder	Title	Date
34	10	AAEJ Subject Files, Annual Meeting	1978
34	11	AAEJ Subject Files, Annual Meeting	1979
34	12	AAEJ Subject Files, Annual Meeting	1980
Box	Folder	Title	Date
35	1	AAEJ Subject Files, Annual Meeting	1981
35	2	AAEJ Subject Files, Annual Meeting	1982
35	3	AAEJ Subject Files, Annual Meeting	1984
35	4	AAEJ Subject Files, Annual Meeting	1985
35	5	AAEJ Subject Files, Annual Meeting	1986
35	6	AAEJ Subject Files, Annual Meeting	1987
35	7	AAEJ Subject Files, Annual Meeting	1988
35	8	AAEJ Subject Files, Annual Meeting	1989
35	9	AAEJ Subject Files, Annual Meeting	1990
35	10	AAEJ Subject Files, Annual Meeting	June 1991
35	11	AAEJ Subject Files, Annual Meeting	November 1991
35	12	AAEJ Subject Files, Annual Meeting	1992
35	13	AAEJ Subject Files, Annual Meeting	1993
35	14	AAEJ Subject Files, Articles of Incorporation	1975-1977, 1980
35	15	AAEJ Subject Files, Belay, Getachew	1974-1976
35	16	AAEJ Subject Files, Berhane, Zimna	1976-1977
Box	Folder	Title	Date
35	17	AAEJ Subject Files, Bogale, Yona	1965-1977, 1987
Box	Folder	Title	Date
35	18	AAEJ Subject Files, Bonder, Bayla	1977-1978
35	19	AAEJ Subject Files, Brotherhood Synagogue (Torah, Tefillin & Tallesim)	1976
Box	Folder	Title	Date
36	1	AAEJ Subject Files, Chicago Fundraising	1981-1982
Box	Folder	Title	Date
36	2	AAEJ Subject Files, Cohen, Aaron	1976-1977
36	3	AAEJ Subject Files, Cohen, Gabriel (Post & Opinion)	1973-1978
36	4	AAEJ Subject Files, Cohen, Gloria, letters from Rivka	1977-1985
36	5	AAEJ Subject Files, Conditions of Ethiopian Jews in	1978-1979
36	6	AAEJ Subject Files, Conference of Presidents of Major American Jewish Organizations	1976-1978
36	7	AAEJ Subject Files, Council of Jewish Federations & Welfare Funds	1973-1981
36	8	AAEJ Subject Files, Council of Jewish Federations & Welfare Funds, General Assembly	1976
36	9	AAEJ Subject Files, Council of Jewish Federations & Welfare Funds, General Assembly	1982
36	10	AAEJ Subject Files, Council on Falasha Jewry- Maibaum, Menachem	1974-1975
Box	Folder	Title	Date
36	11	AAEJ Subject Files, Cuba	1978-1979
Box	Folder	Title	Date
36	12	AAEJ Subject Files, Elazar, Rachamim	1983-1984
36	13	AAEJ Subject Files, Ethiopian Jewish Prayer	1975
36	14	AAEJ Subject Files, Executive Search	1981
36	15	AAEJ Subject Files, Falasha Welfare Association - Batia	1975-1976
36	16	AAEJ Subject Files, Falasha Welfare Association - Kessler, David	undated, 1970-1974
Box	Folder	Title	Date
37	1	AAEJ Subject Files, Falasha Welfare Association - Kessler, David	1975-1976
37	2	AAEJ Subject Files, Falasha Welfare Association - Kessler, David	1977-1979
37	3	AAEJ Subject Files, Falasha Welfare Association - Levi, Boaz Gondar	1974-1975
37	4	AAEJ Subject Files, Falasha Welfare Association - Levy, Gershon	undated, 1974-June 1976
37	5	AAEJ Subject Files, Falasha Welfare Association - Levy, Gershon	July 1976-1977
37	6	AAEJ Subject Files, Family Reunification for Ethiopian Jews	1981
37	7	AAEJ Subject Files, Fiscal Records - Bequest - Kottle, Louis	1974-1981
37	8	AAEJ Subject Files, Fiscal Records - Contribution & Deposit Records	1974, 1976-1978 (closed)
37	9	AAEJ Subject Files, Fiscal Records - Contribution & Deposit Records	1979-1980 (closed)
37	10	AAEJ Subject Files, Fiscal Records - Contribution & Deposit Records	1981-1982 (closed)
37	11	AAEJ Subject Files, Fiscal Records - Contribution & Deposit Records	1983 (closed)
37	12	AAEJ Subject Files, Fiscal Records - Contribution & Deposit Records	1984 (closed)
Box	Folder	Title	Date
38	1	AAEJ Subject Files, Fiscal Records - Contribution & Deposit Records	1985-1986 (closed)
38	2	AAEJ Subject Files, Fiscal Records - Contribution & Deposit Records	1987 (closed)
38	3	AAEJ Subject Files, Fiscal Records - Contribution & Deposit Records	1988 (closed)
38	4	AAEJ Subject Files, Fiscal Records - Contribution & Deposit Records	1989 (closed)
38	5	AAEJ Subject Files, Fiscal Records - Contribution & Deposit Records	1991 (closed)
38	6	AAEJ Subject Files, Fiscal Records - Expenses	1976-1982
38	7	AAEJ Subject Files, Fiscal Records - Scholarship Funds	1977-1979, 1983-1987 (closed)
38	8	AAEJ Subject Files, Fiscal Records - Statements and Budgets	1986-1988
38	9	AAEJ Subject Files, Fiscal Records - Statements & Budgets	1990-1991
38	10	AAEJ Subject Files, Freund-Rosenthal, Miriam	1973-1983
38	11	AAEJ Subject Files, Gerson, Lester & Sylvia	1973-1978
38	12	AAEJ Subject Files, Goldberg, Brett (Chaim)	1983-1984
38	13	AAEJ Subject Files, Gross, Michael- Jewish Student Press Service Article	1974
Box	Folder	Title	Date
38	14	AAEJ Subject Files, Gottlieb, Dr. I.	1975-1980
Box	Folder	Title	Date
39	1	AAEJ Subject Files, Halpern, William	1976-1978
39	2	AAEJ Subject Files, Halpern, William	1979-1984
39	3	AAEJ Subject Files, Hebrew University Forum	August 15, 1977
39	4	AAEJ Subject Files, Hezi, Ovadiah	1973-1976
39	5	AAEJ Subject Files, ICA - Mordechai Paran	1974-1978
39	6	AAEJ Subject Files, AAEJ Information Packet	1983
39	7	AAEJ Subject Files, International Rescue Committee	1977-1979
39	8	AAEJ Subject Files, International Rescue Committee	1981-1983
39	9	AAEJ Subject Files, Israel Attitude toward Falashas -	1975
39	10	AAEJ Subject Files, Jacobovici, Simcha [See also Oversized Box 65, Folder 2]	1983-1985, 1990
Box	Folder	Title	Date
40	1	AAEJ Subject Files, Jewish Agency	1973-1985
40	2	AAEJ Subject Files, Jewish Media Services	1975-1981
40	3	AAEJ Subject Files, Kaye, Julian	1974-1975
40	4	AAEJ Subject Files, Kulick, Gilbert	1974-1975, 1977
40	5	AAEJ Subject Files, AAEJ Leaflets, Information Sheets, Reprints	undated, 1975-1985
40	6	AAEJ Subject Files, Lenhoff, Howard	1974-1975
40	7	AAEJ Subject Files, Lenhoff, Howard	1976
40	8	AAEJ Subject Files, Lenhoff, Howard	1977
Box	Folder	Title	Date
41	1	AAEJ Subject Files, Lenhoff, Howard	1978
41	2	AAEJ Subject Files, Levin, Meyer & Tereska	1974-1985
41	3	AAEJ Subject Files, Lobbying, Israeli Government	1973-1983
41	4	AAEJ Subject Files, Lobbying, U.S. Government Officials	1976-1980
Box	Folder	Title	Date
41	5	AAEJ Subject Files, National Jewish Community Relations Advisory Council	1974-1981
Box	Folder	Title	Date
41	6	AAEJ Subject Files, New York State Legislative Resolution	1983
Box	Folder	Title	Date
41	7	AAEJ Subject Files, Obituary Notice - Ethiopian Jewry	1982
Box	Folder	Title	Date
41	8	AAEJ Subject Files, Organization for Rehabilitation & Training (ORT)	1959-1978
41	9	AAEJ Subject Files, ORT	January-April 1979
41	10	AAEJ Subject Files, ORT	May-December 1979
Box	Folder	Title	Date
42	1	AAEJ Subject Files, ORT	1980-1982
42	2	AAEJ Subject Files, ORT - Canadian	1974-1979
42	3	AAEJ Subject Files, Parfitt, Tudor - Response to Operation Moses	1985-1986
42	4	AAEJ Subject Files, Posters [See Oversized Materials Box 65 Folder 3 and MAP 1]
Box	Folder	Title	Date
42	5	AAEJ Subject Files, Proposed Layout for Ads [See also Oversized Box 65, Folder 4]	1983
Box	Folder	Title	Date
42	6	AAEJ Subject Files, Publicity Campaign Layouts [See Oversized Materials Box 65, Folder 5	undated
42	7	AAEJ Subject Files, Ramati, Shaul	1978
Box	Folder	Title	Date
42	8	AAEJ Subject Files, Rapoport, Louis	1974-1987, 1991
Box	Folder	Title	Date
42	9	AAEJ Subject Files, Refugee Lists	1978
42	10	AAEJ Subject Files, Release - AAEJ Publication	1983-1993
Box	Folder	Title	Date
42	11	AAEJ Subject Files, Religious Issues/Decisions	1864-1985
Box	Folder	Title	Date
42	12	AAEJ Subject Files, Religious Issues/Decisions, Clippings	undated, 1966-1986
Box	Folder	Title	Date
42	13	AAEJ Subject Files, Rosenberg, Henry & Mildred	1975-1978
42	14	AAEJ Subject Files, School Admissions Letter for Ethiopian Jewish Students	1977
Box	Folder	Title	Date
42	15	AAEJ Subject Files, Shapiro, Nathan	1978-1980
42	16	AAEJ Subject Files, Siev, Hadas	undated
Box	Folder	Title	Date
42	17	AAEJ Subject Files, Student Leadership Paper #1	1977
Box	Folder	Title	Date
43	1	AAEJ Subject Files, Synagogue Council of America	1973
43	2	AAEJ Subject Files, Tartakower, Aryeh	undated
43	3	AAEJ Subject Files, Tartakower, Aryeh	1970-1974
43	4	AAEJ Subject Files, Tartakower, Aryeh	1975
43	5	AAEJ Subject Files, Tartakower, Aryeh	1976
43	6	AAEJ Subject Files, Tartakower, Aryeh	1977-1978
43	7	AAEJ Subject Files, Tegegne, Baruch	1979-1990
43	8	AAEJ Subject Files, Turgemann, Eli	1979-1980
43	9	AAEJ Subject Files, United Synagogue of America	1976-1977
43	10	AAEJ Subject Files, Weise, Barry	1977-1978
43	11	AAEJ Subject Files, Williams, John	1977-1984
43	12	AAEJ Subject Files, World Jewish Congress - Klotznick, Philip	1975-1979
43	13	AAEJ Subject Files, Yitzhak, Rachamim	1982
43	14	AAEJ Subject Files, Yona, Zechariah	1974-1977

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Series V: Ethiopian Jewry,  undated, [1825]-2002.
The series is in English, Hebrew, Amharic, French, and German.
Boxes 44-55
Arrangement: Research files, clippings, and information about organizations and events for Ethiopian Jewry are arranged chronologically. Manuscripts, articles, book chapters and books are arranged by author.
Scope and Content: This series consists of materials collected by Berger on Ethiopian Jewry. The research files consist of numerous book excerpts and Berger's notes from various works about and references to Ethiopian Jewry. Researchers should be aware that for files in this series dated prior to the 1960s when Berger became involved with Ethiopian Jewry, the dates correspond to when the underlying source document Berger used was created or published, and is not the date of the physical document in the collection. Of particular note in the research files are copies of minutes and correspondence from an early advocacy group founded by Jacques Faitlovitch, the American Pro-Falasha Committee, which was active during the 1920s-1940s and was one of the organizations that Berger merged to establish the AAEJ. Berger obtained the American Pro-Falasha Committee documents from the American Jewish Committee Archives. The subjects of Operations Moses and Solomon, and Absorption into Israel are well represented in the clippings. The journals and book chapters contain extensive information regarding the origins and culture of the Beta Israel, and religious issues and decisions regarding their acceptance as Jews. The series includes such pioneering works on the study of Ethiopian Jewry as a copy of J.M Flad's 1869 book The Falashas, (Box 46, Folder 11) and Jacques Faitlovitch' 1959 Travels to the Falashas(Box 46, Folder 10). Berger's materials about other organizations and events on behalf of Ethiopian Jewry are included in this series. Berger's writings on Ethiopian Jewry are contained in Series II - Writings. For a partial listing of writings contained within this Series on Ethiopian Jewry, see Appendix A: Ethiopian Jewry - Journal Articles, Historical/Political; Appendix B: Ethiopian Jewry - Journal Articles - Jewish Legal Analysis; Appendix C: Ethiopian Jewry - Journal Articles - Social Science/ Cultural; Appendix D: Ethiopian Jewry - Journal Articles - Reference; and Appendix E: Ethiopian Jewry - Book Chapters.
Box	Folder	Title	Date
44	1	Research Files	undated
44	2	Research Files	[1800-1899]
44	3	Research Files	[1900-1919]
44	5	Research Files	[1930-1931]
44	6	Research Files	[1932-1935]
44	7	Research Files	[1936-1939]
44	8	Research Files	[1940-1949]
44	9	Research Files	[1950-1959]
44	10	Research Files	1960-1969
Box	Folder	Title	Date
45	1	Research Files	1970-1979
Box	Folder	Title	Date
45	2	Research Files	1980-1984
Box	Folder	Title	Date
45	3	Research Files	1985-1986
45	4	Research Files	1987-1988
Box	Folder	Title	Date
45	5	Research Files	1989
Box	Folder	Title	Date
45	6	Research Files	1991
Box	Folder	Title	Date
45	7	Research Files	1993
Box	Folder	Title	Date
45	8	Research Files	1994
Box	Folder	Title	Date
45	9	Research Files	1995-1996
Box	Folder	Title	Date
45	10	Research Files	1997
45	11	Research Files	1998
Box	Folder	Title	Date
45	12	Research Files	1999
Box	Folder	Title	Date
45	13	Journal Articles - Historical/Political (Appendix A)	misc.years.
45	14	Journal Articles - Jewish Legal Analysis (Appendix B)	misc. years
45	15	Journal Articles - Jewish Legal Analysis, Saltzman, Steven, Critique of Rav Bleich's Article (unpublished)	1987
45	16	Journal Articles - Social Science/Cultural (Appendix C)	misc. years
Box	Folder	Title	Date
46	1	Journal Articles - Social Science/Cultural (Appendix C)	misc. years
46	2	Journal Articles - Reference (Appendix D)	misc. years
46	3	Book Chapters - Halevy, Joseph, Travels in Abyssinia	1877
46	4	Book Chapters - Luzzato, M., Memoire sur les Juifs D'Abyssinie ou Falashas (copy)	1851
Box	Folder	Title	Date
46	5	Book Sections, Miscellaneous, 1 of 2 (Appendix E)	misc. years
Box	Folder	Title	Date
46	6	Book Sections, Miscellaneous, 2 of 2 (Appendix E)	misc. years
Box	Folder	Title	Date
46	7	Journals - Pe'amim: Studies in the Cultural Heritage of Oriental Jewry	1985
Box	Folder	Title	Date
46	8	Journals - The Religious Beliefs & Practices of the Ethiopian Jews in Israel	1988
46	9	Books - Faitlovitch, Jacques, Notes D'un Voyage Chez Les Falachas (photocopy)	1905
Box	Folder	Title	Date
46	10	Books - Faitlovitch, Jacques, Travels to the Falashas	1959
46	11	Books - Flad, J.M., The Falashas (copy)	1869
Box	Folder	Title	Date
46	12	Manuscripts - Chanover, Hyman, The Falasha Jews	1980
Box	Folder	Title	Date
46	13	Manuscripts - Faitlovitch, Jacques, Travels through Abyssinia (translated from German)	1910
Box	Folder	Title	Date
47	1	Manuscripts - Hess, Robert L., An Outline of Falasha History	1963
Box	Folder	Title	Date
47	2	Manuscripts - Kashani, Reuben, The Falasha	1975
47	3	Manuscripts - Kaye, Jeffrey, On the Wings of Eagles	1993
Box	Folder	Title	Date
47	4	Manuscripts - Kupferschmid, Owen, The Right to Leave Any Country And International Refugee Law: A Case Study of the Falashas	1983
Box	Folder	Title	Date
47	5	Manuscripts - Messing, Simon D., The Black Jews (Falashas) of Ethiopia	1978
47	6	Manuscripts - Morag, Boaz, The Falasha Jews	1978
Box	Folder	Title	Date
47	7	Manuscripts - Rapoport, Louis, The Lost Jews	1979
Box	Folder	Title	Date
47	8	Manuscripts - Rosen, Chaim, Reports for Hadassah Council on Ethiopian Jewish Culture	1985-1986
47	9	Manuscripts - Ross, David, Falashas: Is Zionism only for White Jews?	1980
47	10	Manuscripts - Santamaria, Ulysses, The Cultural Impact & Social Transformation of the Ethiopian Population in Israel: With Special Emphasis to the Role of Psychological Aspects in Children's Learning and Education	undated
47	11	Manuscripts - Santamaria, Ulysses, Ethiopian Jews in Israel: Historical Identity and the Process of Integration	undated
47	12	Manuscripts - Shelamay, Kay Kaufman, The Falasha Liturgy	1978
47	13	Manuscripts - Schoenberg, Harris, The Jews of Ethiopia	1981
Box	Folder	Title	Date
48	1	Manuscripts - Schoenberger, Michele, The Falashas of Ethiopia: An Ethnographic Study	1975
Box	Folder	Title	Date
48	2	Manuscripts - Weise, Barry, Ethiopian Jewry: A Community Under Siege	undated
48	3	Manuscripts - Williams, John A., Last Flight from Ambober, Ver. I	1980
48	4	Manuscripts - Williams, John A., Last Flight from Ambober, Ver. II	1981
48	5	Manuscripts - Williams, John A., Last Flight from Ambober, Ver. III	1983
48	6	Manuscripts - Winston, Diane, The Falashas: A Brief History of a Beleaguered Community	1980
48	7	Research Papers- Cohen, Michael Lee, The Jewish Community of China	1973-1976
48	8	Research Papers - Kaplan, Steven, Ethiopian Jews in Ethiopia & Israel	1986
48	9	Research Papers- Kaplan, Steven, The Beta Israel Encounter with Protestant Missionaries, 1860-1907	1987
Box	Folder	Title	Date
49	1	Organizations & Events [See also Oversized Box 65, Folder 6]	undated
49	2	Organizations & Events	1986
49	3	Organizations & Events	1987
49	4	Organizations & Events	1988
49	5	Organizations & Events	1990-1993
49	6	Organizations & Events	1994
Box	Folder	Title	Date
49	7	Organizations & Events	1995
Box	Folder	Title	Date
49	8	Organizations & Events	1996
49	9	Organizations & Events	1997
49	10	Organizations & Events	1998
49	11	Organizations & Events	1999
49	12	Organizations & Events	2000-2002
49	13	Clippings	undated
49	14	Clippings	1929, 1931
Box	Folder	Title	Date
49	15	Clippings	1950-1959
Box	Folder	Title	Date
49	16	Clippings	1960-1969
Box	Folder	Title	Date
49	17	Clippings	1970-1973
Box	Folder	Title	Date
49	18	Clippings	1974
49	19	Clippings	1975
49	20	Clippings	1976
49	21	Clippings	1977
49	22	Clippings	1978
Box	Folder	Title	Date
50	1	Clippings	January-April 1979
50	2	Clippings	May-December 1979
50	3	Clippings	1980
50	4	Clippings	1981
50	5	Clippings	January-April 1982
50	6	Clippings	May-December 1982
50	7	Clippings	January-April 1983
Box	Folder	Title	Date
51	1	Clippings	May-December 1983
51	2	Clippings	January-October 1984
51	3	Clippings	November-December 1984
51	4	Clippings	January 1985
51	5	Clippings	February 1985
51	6	Clippings	March 1985
51	7	Clippings	April-July 1985
51	8	Clippings	August-December 1985
Box	Folder	Title	Date
52	1	Clippings	January-June 1986
52	2	Clippings	July-December 1986
52	3	Clippings	January-June 1987
52	4	Clippings	July-December 1987
52	5	Clippings	1988
52	6	Clippings	1989
52	7	Clippings	January-July 1990
52	8	Clippings	August-December 1990
Box	Folder	Title	Date
53	1	Clippings	January-April 1991
53	2	Clippings	May 1991
53	3	Clippings	June 1991
53	4	Clippings	July 1991
53	5	Clippings	August 1991
53	6	Clippings	September 1991
53	7	Clippings	October-December 1991
Box	Folder	Title	Date
54	1	Clippings	January-March 1992
54	2	Clippings	April-June 1992
54	3	Clippings	July-September 1992
54	4	Clippings	October-December 1992
54	5	Clippings	January-June 1993
54	6	Clippings	July-December 1993
54	7	Clippings	1994
54	8	Clippings	1995
Box	Folder	Title	Date
55	1	Clippings	January-June 1996
55	2	Clippings	July-December 1996
55	3	Clippings	1997
55	4	Clippings	January-June 1998
55	5	Clippings	July-December 1998
55	6	Clippings	1999
55	7	Clippings	2000
55	8	Clippings	2001-2002

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Series VI: Ethiopia, undated, 1928-1998.
The series is in English.
Boxes 56-57, Oversized Box 65, Folder 6
Arrangement: Research files and clippings are arranged chronologically, while articles and manuscripts are arranged by author.
Scope and Content: This series contains information Berger collected about Ethiopia, from its ancient period through modern times. Included are research notes, clippings, articles, and manuscripts. The research materials include information on Ethiopia's economy, culture, geography, and human rights issues. The collection contains many clippings regarding both the 1974 revolution that ended Ethiopia's monarchy, and the fall of the Mengistu regime in 1991, events which were of great concern to Berger due to the safety of the Beta Israel. Also included are some travel materials from Berger's two trips to Ethiopia in 1965 and 1975. For a partial listing of journal articles contained within this Series on Ethiopia, see Appendix F: Ethiopia - Journal Articles
Box	Folder	Title	Date
56	1	Research	undated, 1929, 1962-1978
56	2	Research	1979-1985
56	3	Research	1998
56	4	Journal Articles (Appendix F)	1978
56	5	Journals - "The Politics of Starvation," Carnegie Endowment for Peace	1975
56	6	Manuscripts - Segal, David, Civil/Military Relations in the Ethiopian Revolution	1983
56	7	Travel Materials	undated, 1972, 1980
Box	Folder	Title	Date
56	8	Clippings	1960-1969
Box	Folder	Title	Date
56	9	Clippings	1971
56	10	Clippings	1972
56	11	Clippings	1973
56	12	Clippings	1974
56	13	Clippings	1975
56	14	Clippings	1976
Box	Folder	Title	Date
57	1	Clippings [See also Oversized Box 65, Folder 7]	1977
57	2	Clippings	1978
57	3	Clippings	1979
57	4	Clippings	1980
57	5	Clippings	1981
57	6	Clippings	1982
57	7	Clippings	1983
57	8	Clippings	1984
57	9	Clippings	1985
57	10	Clippings	1986
57	11	Clippings	1987
57	12	Clippings	1988
57	13	Clippings	1989
57	14	Clippings	1990
57	15	Clippings	1991
57	16	Clippings	1992
57	17	Clippings	1994
57	18	Clippings	1995
57	19	Clippings	1998

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Series VII: Black Jews, undated, [1920]-2000.
The series is in English.
Boxes 58-61
Arrangement: Research files, correspondence, and clippings are arranged chronologically, while articles and manuscripts are arranged by author.
Scope and Content: This series contains the research that Berger conducted on the topic of Black Jews for his 1978 book entitled Black Jews in America. The series consists of research files, correspondence, clippings, articles, and manuscripts. There are also several research topics on which Berger maintained separate subject files. The research files contain book excerpts and Berger's notes from a wide variety of writings about Black Jews. Researchers should be aware that for research files dated prior to the 1960s (when Berger became involved with the topic of Black Jews), dates correspond to when the underlying source document Berger used was created or published, and is not the date of the physical document in the collection. The research files also contain original materials, such as pamphlets and memos, from Black Jewish organizations Berger was involved with, and records of his many conversations with individuals on the subject. There is significant information on the short-lived, multi-racial group "Hatzaad Harishon," which sought fuller integration of Black Jews within the larger Jewish community and which Berger was involved with during the 1960s and early 1970s. The correspondence files include many letters written by Berger challenging others' claims about the number of Black Jews in America, which were often much higher than his own research indicated. Some materials in this series overlap with the information on Ethiopian Jews, since both groups faced the issue of being accepted into the larger Jewish community. The manuscripts and other documents relating to Berger's published work Black Jews in America is in Series II: Writings. For a partial listing of writings contained within this Series on Black Jews, see Appendix G: Black Jews - Journal Articles and Appendix H: Black Jews - Book Chapters
Box	Folder	Title	Date
58	1	Research Files	undated
58	2	Research Files	[1920-1959]
Box	Folder	Title	Date
58	3	Research Files	1960-1969
Box	Folder	Title	Date
58	4	Research Files	1970-1973
58	5	Research Files	1974-1976
Box	Folder	Title	Date
58	6	Research Files	January-June 1977
Box	Folder	Title	Date
58	7	Research Files	July-December 1977
58	8	Research Files	January-June 1978
58	9	Research Files	July-December 1978
58	10	Research Files	1979-1981
Box	Folder	Title	Date
59	1	Research Files	1982-1986
Box	Folder	Title	Date
59	2	Research Files	1987-1989
Box	Folder	Title	Date
59	3	Research Files	1992
59	4	Subject Files - Black Hebrew Israelites - Research	undated, 1971-1990
59	5	Subject Files - Black Hebrew Israelites - Clippings	undated, 1970-1980
59	6	Subject Files - Black Hebrew Israelites - Clippings	1981-1992
59	7	Subject Files - West Indies/Surinam - Research	undated, 1954-1980
59	8	Subject Files- West Indies/Surinam - Clippings	1962, 1980
59	9	Subject Files - West Indies/Surinam - Articles	1972, 1973
59	10	Journal Articles - 1 of 2 (Appendix G)	Miscellaneous years
59	11	Journal - 2 of 2 (Appendix G)	Miscellaneous years
59	12	Book Chapters - (Appendix H)
Box	Folder	Title	Date
59	13	Manuscripts - Dobrin, Arthur, A History of the Negro Jews of America	1965
Box	Folder	Title	Date
60	1	Manuscripts - Dorman, Jacob, The Rainbow Covenant: Black Jews, Black Power, & Black-Jewish Relations	1996
60	2	Manuscripts - Katz, Linda, and Mary Anne Szep, Interracial Jewish Children	1966
60	3	Manuscripts - Landing, Jim, Black Judaism: Story of a Movement	1985
60	4	Research Papers - Warmbrand, Martin, The Black Jews of America	undated
60	5	Correspondence	1976-1979
60	6	Correspondence	1980-1994
60	7	Clippings	undated
60	8	Clippings	1925-1950
60	9	Clippings	1950-1959
60	10	Clippings	1960-1969
60	11	Clippings	1970-1972
Box	Folder	Title	Date
60	12	Clippings	1973-1976
Box	Folder	Title	Date
61	1	Clippings	1977
61	2	Clippings	1978
61	3	Clippings	1979-1980
61	4	Clippings	1981-1983
61	5	Clippings	1984-1986
61	6	Clippings	1987-1991
61	7	Clippings	1992-1996
61	8	Clippings	1998-2000

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Series VIII: Photographs,  undated, 1929-1993.
The series is in English.
Box 62
Arrangement: Arranged by subject of material.
Scope and Content: Contains photographs collected by Berger, arranged into two categories: Personal and Ethiopian Jewry. The Personal category contains photographs primarily of Berger from various noteworthy occasions. The Ethiopian Jewry category is arranged into a group of named people, which contains an index, and of unnamed people. The series also contains a small number of AAEJ photographs.
Box	Folder	Title	Date
62	1	Personal	undated, 1929-1993
Box	Folder	Title	Date
62	2	Ethiopian Jews, Named People	undated, 1967, 1972-1975, 1981
62	3	Ethiopian Jews, Unnamed, In Ethiopia	undated, 1965-1984
62	4	Ethiopian Jews, Unnamed, In Israel	undated, 1973-1990
62	5	AAEJ, Various	1976, 1986
62	6	Miscellaneous	undated
62	7	Negatives, Various	undated

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Series IX: Artifacts, undated, 1967-1985.
The series is in English.
Oversized Boxes 63-64 and MAP Folders 2-5
Arrangement: Arranged by type of material.
Scope and Content: This series includes posters of various organizations advocating the rescue of Ethiopian Jewry, and calendars from Ethiopia and the Ethiopian Jewish community. It also contains numerous, highly-detailed maps of Africa, and of Ethiopia and the surrounding regions. Of particular note is an enlarged, hand-drawn map of the areas in Ethiopia in which the Beta Israel were concentrated. Posters and other artifacts in the collection that are from the AAEJ can be found in See Oversized Material, Box 65.
Artifacts and Ephemera
Box	Folder	Title	Date
63	1	Posters, Ethiopian Jewry Rescue, North American Jewish Students Network	undated
Box	Folder	Title	Date
63	2	Posters, Ethiopian Jewry Rescue, Misc	undated, 1981, 1985
63	3	Calendars, Ethiopian Jewish	1967-1969
Box	Folder	Title	Date
63	4	Calendars, Ethiopian	1983, 1987, 1989
Box	Folder	Title	Date
63	5	Maps, Ethiopia/Kenya	undated
Box	Folder	Title	Date
64	1	Posters, World Union of Jewish Students, Ethiopian/Soviet Jewry Rescue	undated, 1980
64	2	Posters, Ethiopian Jewry Rescue, Misc.	undated, 1987
64	3	Maps, Africa, National Defense Agency
64	4	Maps, Africa, Aeronautical (1 of 2)
64	5	Maps, Africa, Aeronautical (2 of 2)
MAP Folders
Box	Folder	Title	Date
MAP	1	AAEJ Subject Files, Posters
Box	Folder	Title	Date
MAP	2	Maps - Africa, National Geographic	1980
Box	Folder	Title	Date
MAP	3	Maps - Ethiopia and Gonder Region	undated, 1974
MAP	4	Maps - Africa, Topographical Regions	1968-1969, 1978
MAP	5	Maps - Falasha Concentrations in Ethiopia (Hand-drawn)	undated

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Oversized Material,  undated, 1977, 1981-1982.
The series is in English.
Box 65
Arrangement: Folders in this box are arranged in order of the underlying series from which they originated.
Scope and Content: The box contains items from various series in the general collection placed in oversized storage.
Box	Folder	Title	Date
65	1	AAEJ Subject Files, American Mizrachi Women, Hand drawn map of Ethiopia	1981-1982
65	2	AAEJ Subject Files, Jacobovici, Simcha	1983-1985
Box	Folder	Title	Date
65	3	AAEJ Subject Files, Posters	undated
Box	Folder	Title	Date
65	4	AAEJ Subject Files, Proposed Layout for Ads	1983
65	5	AAEJ Subject Files, Publicity Campaign Layouts	undated
65	6	Ethiopian Jewry, Organizations and Events, Buttons for Ethiopian Jewry	undated
65	7	Ethiopia, Clippings	1977

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